Sandiwara

kau tahu
cerita dibalik layar
cerita dibalik tirai tirai
yang menutupi panggung kita ini
kau tahu
bagaimanapun jua 
rasa, hati ini
takkan bisa melebur
melebur jadi satu cinta
kau tahu
cerita dibalik layar
yang dilakoni oleh kau dan aku
mungkin hanya selingan
hanya seberkas harapan 
hanya setipis benang merah dlm panggung drama
yang wujudnya pun tak tahu seperti apa
tapi nyata adanya
namun pasti akhirnya 
seperti sandiwara yg kita perankan
didepan layar
dimuka khalayak yang haus akan hiburan
akan berakhir pada waktu yang telah ditakdirkan..

Report Speech (Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris Berbantuan Komputer) #3

Active and Passive Voice (Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris Berbantuan Komputer #2)

Active and Passive Voice

1.       Definition of Active and Passive Voice

a.       Active Voice

A feature of sentences in which the subject performs the action of the verb and the direct object is the goal or the recipient: The mechanic fixed the car.

b.      Passive Voice

A feature of sentences in which the object or goal of the action functions as the sentence subject and the main verb phrase includes the verb to be and the past participle: The car was fixed by the mechanic.

2.       Characteristics

a.       Active Voice

ACTIVE- is best known when the subject comes first in a sentence followed by an action. This sentence type is generally shorter.Verb use is generally active. (often accompanied by are or is "Be" verbsEven if being done in the past tense, the verb generally follows the subject. In essence, make the person doing the action come first.

b.      Passive Voice

The Passive sentence structure generally moves the direct object of the ACTIVE sentence to the beginning of the sentence, putting the person (doing) the action in a secondary role - We do use this method in trans-social grammar but only in formal writing where we are only reporting and from an emotional distance from the topic. Passive sentences are usually longer, demanding more tense "being" verbs in order to function. Passive sentences tell us that what is being done is more important than who is doing it. The reason you aren't supposed to write "passive" sentences is because this condition flies in the face of the "universe rule" -- the person is always the most important (socially).The Passive voice often leads off with the CLEFT subject The SUBJUNCTIVE (tag) sentence is the closest to passive and we tend to use it to make peace or to get something we want.

3.       How to Change

a.       How to change from active to passive

·         Find the object of the verb. 

·         Make the object the subject of the new sentence.

·         Decide which tense the verb is in. 

·         (look to see if the subject is singular or plural)

·         Write the participle of the verb after the verb "to be"

·         Decide if you want to include the agent in the sentence.

b.      How to change from passive to active

·         the subject of the sentence - who is doing an action? The person that doing an action is the subject of the sentence.

·         Rewrite the sentence so the subject is performing the action. 

·         This rewrite makes it immediately clear to the reader who is doing what. The subject is doing the action. 

4.       Classification and Example

Tense	Active	Passive
Simple Present	Once a week, Tom cleans the house.	Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present Continuous	Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.	Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Simple Past	Sam repaired the car.	The car was repaired by Sam.
Past Continuous	The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.	The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
Present Perfect	Many tourists have visited that castle.	That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Present Perfect Continuous	Recently, John has been doing the work.	Recently, the work has been being done by John.
Past Perfect	George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.	Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
Past Perfect Continuous	Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.	The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
Simple Future will	Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.	The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
Simple Future be going to	Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
Future Continuous will	At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.
Future Continuous be going to	At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washedby John.
Future Perfect will	They will have completed the project before the deadline.	The project will have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect be going to	They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.	The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect Continuous will	The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Future Perfect Continuous be going to	The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Used to	Jerry used to pay the bills.	The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Would Always	My mother would always make the pies.	The pies would always be made by my mother.
Future in the Past Would	I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM.	I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
Future in the Past Was Going to	I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.

If Clause and Wish (Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris Berbantuan Komputer) #1

Conditional sentences

Conditional sentences are sometimes confusing for learners of English as a second language.

Watch out:

1.    Which type of conditional sentences is it?

2.    Where is the if-clause (e.g. at the beginning or at the end of the conditional sentence)?

There are three types of conditional sentences.

type	condition
I	condition possible to fulfill
II	condition in theory possible to fulfill
III	condition not possible to fulfill (too late)

1. Form

type	if-clause	main clause
I	Simple Present	will-future or (Modal + infinitive)
II	Simple Past	would + infinitive *
III	Past Perfect	would + have + past participle *

2. Examples (if-clause at the beginning)

type	if clause	main clause
I	If I study,	I will pass the exam.
II	If I studied,	I would pass the exam.
III	If I had studied,	I would have passed the exam.

3. Examples (if-clause at the end)

type	main clause	if-clause
I	I will pass the exam	if I study.
II	I would pass the exam	if I studied.
III	I would have passed the exam	if I had studied.

4. Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)

type		Examples
		long forms	short/contracted forms
I	+	If I study, I will pass the exam.	If I study, I'll pass the exam.
	-	If I study, I will not fail the exam. If I do not study, I will fail the exam.	If I study, I won't fail the exam. If I don't study, I'll fail the exam.
II	+	If I studied, I would pass the exam.	If I studied, I'd pass the exam.
	-	If I studied, I would not fail the exam. If I did not study, I would fail the exam.	If I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam. If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam.
III	+	If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.	If I'd studied, I'd have passed the exam.
	-	If I had studied, I would not have failed the exam. If I had not studied, I would have failed the exam.	If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the exam. If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the exam.

* We can substitute could or might for would (should, may or must are sometimes possible, too).

·         I would pass the exam.

·         I could pass the exam.

·         I might pass the exam.

·         I may pass the exam.

·         I should pass the exam.

·         I must pass the exam.

Uses of the Conditional

1.      First conditional

a.       Nature: Open condition, what is said in the condition is possible.

b.      Time: This condition refers either to present or to future time.
e.g. If he is late, we will have to go without him.
If my mother knows about this, we are in serious trouble.

2.      Second conditional

a.       Nature: unreal (impossible) or improbable situations.

b.      Time: present; the TENSE is past, but we are talking about the present, now.
e.g. If I knew her name, I would tell you.
If I were you, I would tell my father.
Compare: If I become president, I will change the social security system. (Said by a presidential candidate)
If I became president, I would change the social security system. (Said by a schoolboy: improbable)
If we win this match, we are qualified for the semifinals.
If I won a million pounds, I would stop teaching. (improbable)

3.      Third conditional

a.       Nature: unreal

b.      Time: Past (so we are talking about a situation that was not so in the past.)
e.g. If you had warned me, I would not have told your father about that party.(But you didn't, and I have).

Remember!

1. The conditional construction does not normally use will or would in if-clauses. EXCEPTION: If will or would express willingness, as in requests, they can be used in if-clauses.

e.g. If you will come this way, the manager will see you now.
I would be grateful if you would give me a little help.
(= ± please, come this way; please, give me...)

2. For the second conditional, were replaces was:

If I were a rich man...

3. After if, we can either use "some(-one, -where...)" or "any(-one, -where...).

If I have some spare time next weekend....or :
If I have any spare time...

4. Instead of if not, we can use unless.

e.g. I'll be back tomorrow unless there is a plane strike.
He'll accept the job unless the salary is too low.

5.There is a "mixed type" as well, for the present results of an unreal condition in the past:

If + Past Perfect - would + inf.
If you had warned me [then], I would not be in prison [now].

English grammar – Wish

Wishes about the present and future

1.      wish + past simple is used to express that we want a situation in the present (or future) to be different.

·         I wish I spoke Italian. (I don’t speak Italian)

·         I wish I had a big car. (I don’t have a big car)

·         I wish I was on a beach. (I’m in the office)

·         I wish it was the weekend. (It’s only Wednesday)

2.      wish + past continuous is used to express that we want to be doing a different action in the present (or future).

·         I wish I was lying on a beach now. (I’m sitting in the office)

·         I wish it wasn’t raining. (It is raining)

·         I wish you weren’t leaving tomorrow. (You are leaving tomorrow)

Wishes about the past

wish + past perfect is used to express a regret, or that we want a situation in the past to be different.

·         I wish I hadn’t eaten so much. (I ate a lot)

·         I wish they’d come on holiday with us. (They didn’t come on holiday)

·         I wish I had studied harder at school. (I was lazy at school)

Wish + would

wish + would + bare infinitive is used to express impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a present action.

·         I wish you would stop smoking.

You are smoking at the moment and it is annoying me.

·         I wish it would stop raining.

I’m impatient because it is raining and I want to go outside.

·         I wish she’d be quiet.

I am annoyed because she is speaking.

Wish and hope

To express that you want something to happen in the future (not wanting a situation to be different, and not implying impatience or annoyance) hope is used instead of wish.

·         I hope it’s sunny tomorrow.

“I wish it was sunny tomorrow” is not correct.

·         I hope she passes her exam next week.

“I wish she were passing her exam next week” is not correct.

·         I hope the plane doesn’t crash tomorrow.

“I wish the plane wouldn’t crash tomorrow” is not correct.

Wish and want

wish + infinitive or wish + object + infinitive is used to meanwant in a formal situation.

·         I wish to leave now. (+ infinitive)

·         I wish to speak to your supervisor please. (+ infinitive)

·         I do not wish my name to appear on the list. (+ object + infinitive)

Wish in fixed expressions

I/we wish you… is used in fixed expressions.

·         I wish you a happy birthday.

·         We wish you good luck in your new job.

Pronunciation

See the phonemic chart for IPA symbols used below.

In connected speech catenation and elision often occur with wish.

·         I wish I’d studied harder: /wI ʃaɪd/

(catenation – the last consonant sound of wish is joined to the vowel sound in I)

·         I wish he hadn’t done that: /wI ʃiː/

(catenation and elison – as above, and the first consonant sound in he is elided)

source: 

• https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/wishes-and-hypotheses
• http://www.eslbase.com/grammar/wish
• http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if.htm